Lok Sabha

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Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of the people chosen by direct election on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution is 552, which is made up by election of upto 530 members to represent the States, upto 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the Hon'ble President, if,  in his/her opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States.
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The Lok Sabha ( or House of the People is the lower house  of the Parliament of India. The Parliament of India consists of two houses: The Lok Sabha (Hindi: लोक सभा) or House of the People and the Rajya Sabha (Hindi: राज्य सभा) or Council of States. Lok means "people" and Sabha means "assembly" in Sanskrit. The Lok Sabha meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers, Sansad Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi.
The Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of the people from 543 constituencies, chosen by direct election on the basis of adult suffrage. A total of 131 seats (18.42%) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes(84) and Scheduled Tribes(47) only. The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution of India is 552, which is made up by election of up to 530 members to represent the States, up to 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the President of India, if, in his/her opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States.
The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and the expiration of the period of five years. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending, in any case, beyond a period of six months after the proclamation has ceased to operate. An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies' boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001. This exercise, which was supposed to be carried out after every census, was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to avoid adverse effects of the family planning program which was being implemented The 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date.
The Lok Sabha has its own television channel, Lok Sabha TV, headquartered within the premises of Parliament.
 

Faster than light........

A team of scientists from the Switzerland Institute CERN announced that their tests have recorded the subatomic particle that travels faster than the one that travels light speed, which, if proved correct, was absolutely contrary to the fundamental physical laws, according to Hina.

Team spokesman Ereditato Antonio, who works at the Center for Particle Physics CERN on the border of France and Switzerland, told Reuters that during the three-year experiment showed that the measurement of the neutrino beam that was fired from Geneva came to 730 km away, the Gran Sasso in Italy 60 nanoseconds faster than light speed. He said that they have a lot of confidence in these results, but it is necessary to test and other colleagues and confirm them.

If it is confirmed, this discovery would undermine a key element of the General Theory of Relativity of Albert Einstein in 1905, which states that nothing in the universe can travel faster than light.

Unexpected results were recorded in the OPERA project, jointly conducted by CERN and Gran Sasso Laboratory in central Italy.

During the three-year experiment a total of 15 thousand beams of neutrinos - tiny subatomic particles like electrons but with no electric charge - were fired at CERN to Gran Sasso, where they were caught by a special detector.

For this distance, light speed would need about 2.4 thousandths of a second, but neutrinos should need about 60 nanoseconds or less. Ereditato said that it's a tiny difference, but it is conceptually very important. This discovery is so incredible that so far all we have to do is be very careful. He did not want to speculate what would mean for physics if physicists and other measurements would be confirmed by OPERA. He said that he just does not want to think about the implications, that they are scientists and they work with what they know.

The existence of neutrinos, elementary particles of extremely low mass resulting radioactive decay or nuclear reactions such as those in the Sun, was first confirmed in 1934 , but these particles are still puzzling scientists. Neutrino can pass completely unnoticed and undetected through most substances, including the human body, millions of these particles go through it every day, as the researchers said.

To get to the Gran Sasso underground laboratory 120 km south of Rome, neutrinos that were fired at CERN had to cross the 730 km through water, air and rock.

Laboratory of Gran Sasso underground laboratory is the largest laboratory for exploring the world of subatomic particles. It employs around 750 scientists from 22 countries, and carrying out experiments in three large halls protected from cosmic rays 1400 meters below the surface (Metro portal).

In fact, in 1932, Nikola Tesla knew about the particles faster than light. He said that all of his research appears to suggest that there are small particles, each of which carries a small charge so that they can rightly be called neutrons. They are moving at high speed, greater even than the speed of light.

Vladimir Jelenkovic, director of the Museum of Nikola Tesla, confirmed the authenticity of Tesla's statement in an interview.

Tesla is actually said that a sentence from the interview was published by John O'Neill, who was a great admirer of Nikola Tesla and his biographer. The interview was published in the journal Brooklyn Eagle in which O'Neill was a scientific editor, and it is interesting that it was released on 10. July in 1932, on Tesla's birthday, as Vladimir Jelenkovic said.

Jelenkovic adds that the title of the article was - Tesla's motor can transmit energy around the Earth using cosmic rays.

In the interview Tesla said that 25 years ago he began to research and tried to catch cosmic rays, but for now he can not say that he quite managed to make a device that could use them - says the director of the Museum of Nikola Tesla

whatsapp deal with facebook

Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg justified the $19 billion price tag it paid for WhatsApp by saying that the messenging service is a rare platform that has the potential to reach one billion users. Dennis Berman joins digits with a look at what's behind those numbers.

Not just crazy. Crazytown. Nearly $19 billion for a company that had $20 million in sales last year?

Like nearly everyone, my initial reaction to Facebook's FB -1.31% whopper of a WhatsApp deal was disbelief bordering on laughter.

Then I turned my heart off and turned my spreadsheet on.

I was surprised by what I found. There's no disputing that Facebook paid a huge premium for an untested company in a hotly competitive communications sector. But it takes less than I thought to turn WhatsApp into a decent, if justifiable, business. And that doesn't even count other benefits of scale, strategic defense and Google GOOG +0.62% -rattling that are harder to quantify.

It's still crazy. Just not as crazy as I thought.

If anything, this exercise made me re-appreciate the most obvious and powerful of Web dynamics: Massive global reach at nearly zero marginal cost. Up close, it can be majestic.

Want to see the math? Let's start somewhere far away from Silicon Valley fantasyland. Let's start in gloomy old New York City, where the nation's largest telecom company, Verizon Communications Inc., VZ +0.13% just paid $130 billion to buy Vodafone Group VOD.LN -0.08% PLC's 45% stake in its Verizon Wireless joint venture.

That deal is interesting because it sets a clear value on the globe's most desirable, high-spending and high-margin communications customers. Verizon investors loved it.

So what would happen if we benchmarked revenueless WhatsApp against this gold standard of telecom deal-making? What would it take to give those WhatsApp customers some of the traits of the Verizon ones? In essence, how would we reverse-engineer a crazy deal into a noncrazy one?

At first, the numbers look as stark as you'd expect. We know that Facebook paid $42 for each of WhatsApp's 450 million users. Verizon, by comparison, valued each of its roughly 97 million monthly contract connections at about $2,984.

Verizon collected about $669 for each of these post-paid connections last year, and made another $168 per subscriber from other sources.

What did WhatsApp collect for its service, which allows for unlimited and quick text messaging? What a pesky question. Basically zero. For math's sake, let's take the figure to 50 cents per user in 2014.

This helps us get a slightly cleaner apples-to-apples comparison between the companies. That is what Wall Street calls a "multiple"—what each company is willing to pay for each dollar of revenue. By that measure, Verizon paid 3.5 times revenue per subscriber, and Facebook, hypothetically, 84 times. Still kind of crazy, right?

But that's just revenue. What about profit? Here's where things get interesting.

Befitting a behemoth, Verizon makes very good profits, with operating margins of 32% in 2013. This takes that multiple we just described to about 11. In other words: Verizon was willing to pay $11 today for each dollar of operating profit it collects today and into the future.

No one knows what WhatsApp's operating margins are. The indications are that the company turned a profit on its rumored $20 million in revenue. This we do know: It has about 50 employees—the staff of a decent-sized Verizon store. It has no marketing costs. No Washington lobbyists. No cell towers. No stores. No global campus. No sponsorship of the local symphony.

Arguably its single biggest expense is the 30% it pays Apple and Google to distribute its app. There are surely storage and bandwidth costs as its customer base grows. And keeping the software fresh requires some engineering talent.

But beyond that? We'll have to take a guess and peg WhatsApp's operating margins at roughly double Verizon, or 60%. New access to Facebook's servers and engineering talent should only improve that figure.

It is WhatsApp's dumb, elephantine hugeness where so much energy is concentrated. Let's take on Zuckerberg-ian ambitions and imagine WhatsApp can get to one billion users over the next few years. In fact, WhatsApp founder Jan Koum said Monday he wanted to develop services, including voice, for as many as two billion people world-wide.

Remember, we are trying to tweak our very hypothetical dials so each dollar of WhatsApp's operating profit is valued the same as a Verizon one, at roughly $11.

Doing this math, it would take $2.84 per year from every one of those one billion subscribers to get them equal to the Verizon valuation. That's less than a quarter per person, per month.

Sounds easy, but not feasible, either. Many WhatsApp users simply can't afford that. Others in Western countries have other means of communicating. There are a host of free competitors, too. Maybe only 10% of WhatsApp customers would pay that, perhaps more.

The Microsoft division containing Skype—an impressive communications platform of its own—reportedly brought in $2 billion in 2012 and at last count had 300 million subscribers. Can WhatsApp really bring in more than that?

For his part, Mark Zuckerberg noted on Monday that other messaging services were bringing in $2 to $3 per user with only "early efforts."

For now, let's declare the whole WhatsApp undertaking: Crazy-ish.

And while Facebook might have done just this type of valuation exercise, it's clearly not the full reason why Mr. Zuckerberg bought the company.

He bought WhatsApp because it gives him a hook into hundreds of millions of customers, who may get shoved over to Facebook, and its ad platform, in ways even he's not dreamed of yet.

It's because he's paying mostly in Facebook stock, which is trading near its all-time high.

It's because he's keeping it out of the hands of Google and Microsoft.

It's because he doesn't have much to lose.

Maybe it's best to regard any WhatsApp revenue as partial insurance, a revenue stream that reduces the cost of these bigger strategic goals.

But it would be crazy in its own right to underestimate the power of hundreds of millions of people, much less a billion, each handing over a few high-margin dollars.

There's been so little precedent for business at this scale that we have a hard time simply comprehending all of this. I'm still learning, too.

विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी समाचार

चीन निर्देशित मिसाइल विध्वंसक का नया वर्ग के विकास 'चीनी नौसेना के निर्देशित मिसाइल विध्वंसक , उन्नत हवाई रक्षा मिसाइल विरोधी जहाज और पनडुब्बी रोधी missiles.The नए विध्वंसक साथ नौसेना के युद्धपोत के एक " नए प्रकार " का एक नया वर्ग विकसित कर रहा है दो 32 इकाई खड़ी से लैस हैं मुख्यालय 9B हवाई रक्षा मिसाइल विरोधी जहाज और पनडुब्बी रोधी missiles.The नए विध्वंसक " तत्वाधान " करने के लिए हथियारों को ट्रैक और मार्गदर्शन करने के लिए शक्तिशाली कंप्यूटर और रडार का उपयोग करें जो अमेरिकी नौसेना के लैस विध्वंसक के बराबर है शुरू करने में सक्षम प्रणाली का शुभारंभ दुश्मन के ठिकानों को नष्टसेंट एंड्रयूज महत्वपूर्ण चिकित्सा प्रक्रियाओं पर नया प्रकाश चमकता हैडॉ. टॉमस Cizmar , चिकित्सा और सेंट एंड्रयूज विश्वविद्यालय में भौतिकी के स्कूल के प्रोफेसर किशन ढोलकिया के स्कूल में रिसर्च फैलो डॉक्टरों के कुछ हिस्सों तक पहुंचने के लिए बहुत मुश्किल से कुछ अंदर देखने के लिए अनुमति दे सकता है जो फाइबर ऑप्टिक अनुसंधान में एक सफलता बना दिया है एक मानव बाल से कोई मोटा इमेजिंग उपकरणों के साथ मानव शरीर .Gliese 163C : नई पृथ्वी जैसे ग्रह जीवन को बनाए रखने सकता हैGliese 163C करार दिया, ग्रह सात बार पृथ्वी के द्रव्यमान के बारे में है और एक लाल बौना , या एक छोटे , अपेक्षाकृत शांत सितारा कक्षाओं. Gliese 163C 49 प्रकाश वर्ष दूर है . यह ज्यादातर रॉक और पानी से बना होने लगा और पृथ्वी की तुलना में अपने माता पिता के स्टार से 40 प्रतिशत अधिक प्रकाश हो जाता है 60 डिग्री सेल्सियस के एक सतह के तापमान के साथ यह hotter बनाने , सूरज से हो जाता है .इंदिरा गांधी अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डे पर एयर इंडिया का पहला ड्रीमलाइनर लैंडिंगएक चार साल की देरी और बाद में कटुता के बाद, 8 सितम्बर 2012.It पर इंदिरा गांधी अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डे पर एयर इंडिया के उन्नत बोइंग बी 787 ड्रीमलाइनर लैंडिंग के पहले 15,000 किलोमीटर गैर रोक के ऊपर उड़ान में सक्षम है . एअर इंडिया के लिए विमान 256 सीटों के लिए कॉन्फ़िगर किया गया है - छह साल पहले 27 Dreamliners का आदेश दिया , जिसमें 18 पूर्ण फ्लैट बिजनेस क्लास सीटों economy.Air भारत में 238 , , अगले कुछ हफ्तों में दो और अधिक हो जाएगा . आठ के कुल 2013 मार्च तक आ जाएगा .पीएसएलवी सी C21 उनका इरादा कक्षाओं में दो उपग्रहों का उद्धारभारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन ( इसरो) को सफलतापूर्वक रूसी द्वारा कक्षा में 1975 में पहला उपग्रह आर्यभट्ट के प्रक्षेपण के बाद भारतीय अंतरिक्ष एजेंसी का 100 वां मिशन अंकन दो विदेशी उपग्रहों ( फ्रेंच स्पॉट 6 ( 712kgs ) और जापानी माइक्रो उपग्रह ( 15kgs ) ) , डाल रॉकेट .इसरो ने 12 दिसंबर 2012 सरल उपग्रह लांच करने के लिएभारत और फ्रांस के उपग्रह " सरल " 12 पर श्रीहरिकोटा के spaceport से पीएसएलवी सी C20 के जहाज पर शुरू की जाएगी दिसंबर 2012 को भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन के अध्यक्ष राधाकृष्णन सितम्बर 2012 12 वीं पर बंगलौर स्पेस एक्सपो 2012 में कहा .पाकिस्तान के 700 किलोमीटर रेंज से परमाणु सक्षम बाबर मिसाइल परीक्षण आगपाकिस्तान सफलतापूर्वक परीक्षण 16 सितंबर 2012 को 700 किमी की दूरी पर परमाणु और पारंपरिक हथियार दोनों को ले जा सकता है कि एक देश में ही विकसित मल्टी ट्यूब क्रूज मिसाइल निकाल दिया था . इंटर सर्विसेज पब्लिक रिलेशंस के अनुसार, बाबर ( कुंदा -VII ) क्रूज मिसाइल '' पिन बिंदु सटीकता 'के साथ जमीन पर और समुद्र में लक्ष्यों को हड़ताल कर सकते हैं .अमेरिका रूसी अंतरिक्ष चालक दल भूमि सुरक्षित रूप से कजाखस्तान मेंएक रूसी सोयुज कैप्सूल अंतरराष्ट्रीय अंतरिक्ष स्टेशन पर एक चार महीने के कार्यकाल से अंतरिक्ष यात्रियों की तिकड़ी पहुंचाने , सितम्बर 2012 17 वीं पर कजाख मैदान पर उतरे .भारत अग्नि चतुर्थ परमाणु मिसाइल परीक्षणभारत ने 4,000 किलोमीटर में लक्ष्यों को हिट करने की क्षमता है , जो 19 सितम्बर 2012.The नई पीढ़ी की मिसाइल , पर ओडिशा में एक सैन्य अड्डे से अपने परमाणु सक्षम सतह से सतह अग्नि -IV मिसाइल का परीक्षण किया.भारत टेस्ट आग परमाणु सक्षम अग्नि -III मिसाइल का सफलतापूर्वकभारत 21 सितंबर 2012 को सफलतापूर्वक 3000 किमी से अधिक और ओडिशा तट पर व्हीलर द्वीप से 1.5 टन के बम ले जाने में सक्षम के स्ट्राइक रेंज के साथ अपने परमाणु सक्षम अग्नि- III के सतह से हवा में मिसाइल परीक्षण निकाल दिया.चीन अपना पहला विमान वाहक पोत की शुरूआतचीन 25 सितंबर 2012 को अपने पहले विमान वाहक पोत का शुभारंभ किया. 60,000 टन वाहक , यूक्रेन से लाया जाता है और बाद में स्थानीय स्तर पर refurbished एक पूर्व सोवियत जहाज टोक्यो के लिए एक और प्रतीकात्मक चेतावनी के रूप में देखा जा सकता है में , 1945 में जापानी कब्जे से मुक्त करा एक चीनी प्रांत के बाद , ' लियाओनिंग ' नाम दिया गया है . 300 मीटर लंबे गुआंग्डोंग वाहक 33 airoplanes लाने की क्षमता है.नासा जिज्ञासा रोवर मंगल ग्रह पर पानी के सबूत पाता है कहते हैंनासा के वैज्ञानिक जिज्ञासा रोवर मंगल ग्रह की सतह पर एक " जोरदार " हजार साल के जल प्रवाह के सबूत मिल गया है .भारत के सबसे भारी उपग्रह जीसैट -10 फ्रेंच गुयाना में Kourou लांच पैड से प्रक्षेपितभारत के अत्याधुनिक संचार उपग्रह जीसैट -10 को सफलतापूर्वक 3,400 किलो वजन के भारत के सबसे भारी उपग्रह है 29 सितम्बर 2012.This पर फ्रेंच गयाना में यूरोप के spaceport से बोर्ड एरियन -5 रॉकेट पर शुरू किया गया था .

science and technology news

Science and Technology

China developing new class of guided missile destroyer’

The Chinese Navy is developing a brand new class of guided-missile destroyer, a “new type” of naval warship with upgraded air-defence missiles, anti-ship and anti-submarine missiles.The new destroyers are equipped with two 32-unit vertical launch systems capable of launching HQ-9B air-defence missiles, anti-ship and anti-submarine missiles.The new destroyer is comparable to the “Aegis” equipped destroyers of the US Navy which use powerful computers and radars to track and guide weapons to destroy enemy targets

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St Andrews shines new light on vital medical procedures

Dr Tomas Cizmar, Research Fellow in the School of Medicine and Professor Kishan Dholakia of the School of Physics  at the University of St Andrews have made a breakthrough in fibre optic research which could allow doctors to see inside some of the hardest to reach parts of the human body with imaging devices no thicker than a human hair.

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Gliese 163C: New Earth-Like Planet Might Sustain Life

Dubbed Gliese 163C, the planet is about seven times the mass of Earth and orbits a red dwarf, or a small, relatively cool star. Gliese 163C is 49 light years away. It’s thought to be composed of mostly rock and water and gets 40 percent more light from its parent star than Earth gets from the sun, making it hotter with a surface temperature of 60 degrees Celsius.

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Air India’s first Dreamliner landing at IGI Airport

After a four-year delay and subsequent acrimony, the first of Air India’s advanced Boeing B-787 Dreamliner landing at the Indira Gandhi International Airport on 08th September 2012.It is  capable of flying over 15,000 km non-stop. For AI, the plane has been configured to have 256 seats — 18 full-flat business class seats and 238 in economy.Air India, which ordered 27 Dreamliners six years ago, will get two more in the next few weeks. A total of eight will arrive by March 2013.

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PSLV-C21 delivers two satellites into their intended Orbits

The Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) successfully put into orbit two foreign satellites( French SPOT 6(712kgs) and Japanese micro Satellite(15kgs))  marking Indian space agency’s 100th mission since the launch of the first satellite,Aryabhata,in 1975 by Russian rocket.

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ISRO to launch SARAL satellite on 12 Dec 2012

Indo-French satellite “SARAL” would be launched onboard PSLV-C20 from the spaceport of Sriharikota on 12 December 2012  Indian Space Research Organisation Chairman K Radhakrishnan said at the Bangalore Space Expo 2012 on 12th September 2012.

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Pakistan test-fires nuclear-capable Babur missile with 700 km range

Pakistan  had successfully test fired an indigenously developed multi-tube Cruise Missile that can carry both nuclear and conventional warheads over a range of 700 km on 16th September 2012. According to the Inter Services Public Relations, the Babur (Haft-VII) Cruise Missile can strike targets on land and at sea with “pin point accuracy’’.

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U.S.-Russian space crew lands safely in Kazakhstan

A Russian Soyuz capsule landed on the Kazakh steppe on 17th September 2012, delivering a trio of astronauts from a four-month stint on the International Space Station.

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India tests Agni-IV n-missile

India successfully tested its nuclear-capable surface-to-surface Agni-IV missile from a military base in Odisha  on 19th September 2012.The new generation missile, which has the capability to hit targets at about 4,000 km.

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India test-fires N-capable Agni-III missile successfully

India on 21st September 2012 successfully test-fired its nuclear-capable Agni-III surface-to-air missile  with a strike range of over 3000 km and capable of carrying a warhead of 1.5 tonnes from the Wheeler Island off the Odisha coast.

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China launches its first aircraft carrier

China launched its first aircraft carrier on 25th September 2012. The 60,000 tonne carrier, a former Soviet ship brought from Ukraine and later refurbished locally is named ‘Liaoning’, after a Chinese province liberated from Japanese occupation in 1945, in what can be seen as another symbolic warning to Tokyo. The 300m long Liaoning carrier has the capacity to bring 33 airoplanes.

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NASA says Curiosity rover finds evidence of water on Mars

NASA scientist say the Curiosity rover has found evidence of a “vigorous” thousand-year water flow on the surface of Mars.

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India’s heaviest satellite, GSAT-10 launched from Kourou launch pad in French Guiana

India’s advanced communication satellite GSAT-10 was successfully launched  on board Ariane-5 rocket from Europe’s spaceport in French Guiana on 29th September 2012.This is the India’s heaviest satellite of 3,400kg weight.

History of computers

"Who invented the computer?" is not a question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention. 
n its most basic form a computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. In that respect the earliest computer was the abacus, used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
Every computer supports some form of input, processing, and output. This is less obvious on a primitive device such as the abacus where input, output and processing are simply the act of moving the pebbles into new positions, seeing the changed positions, and counting. Regardless, this is what computing is all about, in a nutshell. We input information, the computer processes it according to its basic logic or the program currently running, and outputs the results.
Modern computers do this electronically, which enables them to perform a vastly greater number of calculations or computations in less time. Despite the fact that we currently use computers to process images, sound, text and other non-numerical forms of data, all of it depends on nothing more than basic numerical calculations. Graphics, sound etc. are merely abstractions of the numbers being crunched within the machine; in digital computers these are the ones and zeros, representing electrical on and off states, and endless combinations of those. In other words every image, every sound, and every word have a corresponding binary code.
While abacus may have technically been the first computer most people today associate the word “computer” with electronic computers which were invented in the last century, and have evolved into modern computers we know of today.

First Generation Computers (1940s – 1950s)

First electronic computers used vacuum tubes, and they were huge and complex. The first general purpose electronic computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). It was digital, although it didn’t operate with binary code, and was reprogrammable to solve a complete range of computing problems. It was programmed using plugboards and switches, supporting input from an IBM card reader, and output to an IBM card punch. It took up 167 square meters, weighed 27 tons, and consuming 150 kilowatts of power. It used thousands of vacuum tubes, crystal diodes, relays, resistors, and capacitors.
The first non-general purpose computer was ABC (Atanasoff–Berry Computer), and other similar computers of this era included german Z3, ten British Colossus computers, LEO, Harvard Mark I, and UNIVAC.

Second Generation Computers (1955 – 1960)

The second generation of computers came about thanks to the invention of the transistor, which then started replacing vacuum tubes in computer design. Transistor computers consumed far less power, produced far less heat, and were much smaller compared to the first generation, albeit still big by today’s standards.
The first transistor computer was created at the University of Manchester in 1953. The most popular of transistor computers was IBM 1401. IBM also created the first disk drive in 1956, the IBM 350 RAMAC.

Third Generation Computers (1960s)

The invention of the integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, paved the way for computers as we know them today. Making circuits out of single pieces of silicon, which is a semiconductor, allowed them to be much smaller and more practical to produce. This also started the ongoing process of integrating an ever larger number of transistors onto a single microchip. During the sixties microchips started making their way into computers, but the process was gradual, and second generation of computers still held on.
First appeared minicomputers, first of which were still based on non-microchip transistors, and later versions of which were hybrids, being based on both transistors and microchips, such as IBM’s System/360. They were much smaller, and cheaper than first and second generation of computers, also known as mainframes. Minicomputers can be seen as a bridge between mainframes and microcomputers, which came later as the proliferation of microchips in computers grew.

 

Fourth Generation Computers (1971 – present)

First microchips-based central processing units consisted of multiple microchips for different CPU components. The drive for ever greater integration and miniaturization led towards single-chip CPUs, where all of the necessary CPU components were put onto a single microchip, called a microprocessor. The first single-chip CPU, or a microprocessor, was Intel 4004.
The advent of the microprocessor spawned the evolution of the microcomputers, the kind that would eventually become personal computers that we are familiar with today.
 

How technology affects us??

Technology is the present world. It affects people’s daily lives. Whether it inspires somebody to be the master at videogames or makes somebody a computer hacker. It has changed the generation of teenagers/young adults rapidly. It has made the generation more greedy, ignorant, and lazy. For instance, my parents did not have fancy cell phones or high-tech computers back then because it was never created. They only had a bike and ball until it was worn out. They never thru a fit for not getting what they wanted or sat at home, playing videogames for numerous hours. They would ALWAYS be outside, whether the weather was hot or cold, playing soccer or having a snowball fight with their friends. And when they didn’t want to go outside, they sat down, read a book, played cards, or even drank hot cocoa. Now a day, it’s all about getting an ipod touch or a phone with a touch screen. Soon, people will have chairs that will fly around to get a soda from the fridge so they don’t have to get their butt up and walk. Though there seems to be more negative influence of technology, there may still be some silver lining.

Technology is taking over our world. People don’t realize what it is doing. In the music industry for instance, when a new song comes out by a famous rockstar wearing a metal jacket with no shirt on and multiple piercings, people end up coming to school dressed the same way. They would say to their parents, “It’s the new style at school,” and their parents would say, “Okay wear it but, if you get in trouble don’t blame it on me.” Parents aren’t even strict anymore. If my parents even thought about doing a style like that, their parents would kill them. It’s the same thing with a rapper, if they get grills and get gold chains around their neck, so many people would do the same EXACT thing. However, music can have a positive effect on people also. It may inspire people to do what they want the most. It may also communicate important messages to the public and can also illicit emotions and memories that we always remember every time we hear a specific song.

Technology also affects the computer world and cell phone world. Individuals can now hack into other people’s lives or cyber-bully someone. You could hurt or be hurt by people over the internet or by a simple text message. You can also have unlimited access to inappropriate content no matter your age. The internet has also poisoned teenagers minds. Some people are on computer games for decades. People on “myspace” or “facebook” stay on the computer so they are updated on EVERY SINGLE THING that’s happening in other individual’s lives or are posting the daily drama. Drama is already an unnecessary problem in the world and it can now be spread over technology. You could start drama over a text message or even the internet where it will spread everywhere. On the other hand, there are some pros for internet and cell phones. They are great communication tools with family and friends. Also, with the new “3G” tool on some cell phones you can use the internet anywhere. So if you have no internet on your computer, you could just use your cell phone for whatever you need. Or if you get stranded or lost somewhere, all you have to do is pull out your cell phone for navigation. Computers and cell phones are good tools for everyone to use, but it doesn’t need to be used for the above reasons.

As discussed, there are many cons to technology, but there are some pro’s too. It could be useful for people’s lives and it could be used to hurt people’s lives. The way technology should be used is as a tool and for helpful reasons, and should not be used for hours of laziness. overall, technology influences every aspect of people’s lives.